Cookery Classes

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14. New traffic lights
15. Pedestrian crossing
16. Parking allowed
17. New ‘no parking’ sign
18. New disabled parking spaces
19. Widened pavement
20. Lorry loading/ unloading restrictions

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Effects of urban environment on animals
Introduction
Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life e.g.
• The (31)  Because of its general adaptability
• The pigeon – because walls of city buildings are similar to (32)  
In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual (33)

Recent research
• Emilie Snell-Rood studied urbanized mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota
o She found the size of their (34)  had increased
o She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of
(35)  and to deal with new dangers
• Catarina Miranda focused on the (36) of urban and rural blackbirds.
o She found urban birds were often braver but were afraid of situations that were
(37)
• Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments
o He found that some animals respond to (38) by producing lower levels of hormones.
• Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their (39)

to help them communicate

Long- term possibilities

Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be (40)